Which three effects are the most common of exposure to radiation during the fetal period? (Select three)

Fetal exposure to radiation can result in a variety of developmental effects due to the vulnerability of the fetal tissues and organs. Microcephaly, which is characterized by a smaller head size and can impact brain development, is one of the classic effects associated with such exposure, particularly if the radiation exposure occurs during critical periods of brain development.

Decreased IQ and intellectual disabilities are also recognized outcomes of radiation exposure during the fetal period. The developing brain is particularly sensitive to harmful agents, and exposure to ionizing radiation can interfere with normal brain development, leading to cognitive deficits like reduced intelligence and learning difficulties. This is especially significant if the exposure occurs during the first trimester, when the brain is forming and developing rapidly.

In contrast, increased appetite does not have a documented association with radiation exposure in fetuses. Cognitive and physical developmental impairments are far more common consequences of significant radiation exposure during crucial developmental stages, making microcephaly, decreased IQ, and intellectual disabilities the three most recognized effects in this context.