Which statements best describe deterministic effects of radiation?

Deterministic effects of radiation are characterized by a clear dose-response relationship, meaning that they require a specific threshold level of radiation exposure before they can manifest. Once this threshold is surpassed, the severity of the effects tends to increase with the dose received. These effects are typically immediate or can occur within a short time frame after exposure, thus aligning well with the definition of deterministic effects. Examples include radiation burns, skin erythema, or acute radiation syndrome, which exhibit clear and predictable outcomes when the exposure exceeds a certain level.

The requirement for a threshold is crucial because it distinguishes deterministic effects from stochastic effects, where no threshold exists and the probability of occurrence increases with dose, but the severity is not dose-dependent. Understanding the threshold aspect helps in assessing risk and implementing safety measures in radiation exposure scenarios.