Which of the following are late effects of radiation exposure?

Late effects of radiation exposure refer to health conditions that develop long after the initial exposure, often years or decades later. The correct answer identifies bone cancer, cataracts, and leukemia as late effects. Bone cancer is a well-documented long-term risk associated with radiation exposure, particularly when it occurs during formative years. Cataracts can also develop years after exposure, leading to vision impairment. Leukemia, like other cancers, may take years to manifest and is linked to radiation exposure, particularly at high doses.

The other options include conditions predominantly associated with acute radiation effects or injuries, which occur shortly after exposure. For example, hair loss and skin burns are typically observed shortly after high-dose exposure and are classified as acute effects rather than late effects. Therefore, the recognition of bone cancer, cataracts, and leukemia in the correct option emphasizes the long-term consequences of radiation exposure.