Which effect is most likely to occur during the organogenesis period?

During the organogenesis period, which typically occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy, the developing embryo is undergoing critical processes that involve the formation and differentiation of organs and structures. It is precisely during this time that teratogenic effects are most likely to occur. Teratogens are substances or factors that can cause malformation or developmental abnormalities in the fetus.

This period is particularly sensitive because the embryo is developing its major organ systems, and exposure to harmful agents, such as certain drugs, chemicals, or radiation, can disrupt the normal process of development, leading to significant congenital anomalies. For instance, exposure to teratogens can lead to issues such as limb malformations, heart defects, or neurological disorders. The other effects listed, such as growth retardation, cancer development, and neurodegenerative effects, might occur due to different exposures or at different developmental stages, but they are not as directly connected to the critical processes occurring during organogenesis as teratogenic effects are. Thus, teratogenic effects represent the most significant risk during this specific developmental period.