What is carcinogenesis defined as?

Carcinogenesis is defined as the process by which normal cells transform into cancerous cells. It encompasses a series of biological events that involve changes at the genetic level, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of tumors. The term itself specifically refers to the mechanism of cancer formation.

The correct answer highlights that carcinogenesis is fundamentally related to cancer, as it encapsulates the entire multi-step process of how cancer develops from normal cellular activities. Understanding this concept is crucial in radiation biology, as exposure to certain types of radiation can initiate or promote the carcinogenesis process through DNA damage and cellular mutations.

In this context, while cell mutation is indeed a part of carcinogenesis and a contributing factor, it does not completely define the comprehensive process that leads to cancer. Cell death and cell repair, though also important biological processes, do not directly relate to the definition of carcinogenesis. They represent different cellular responses that can occur due to various stressors, including radiation exposure, but are not the same as the entire process of cancer development.