What is a common characteristic of stochastic effects?

Stochastic effects are characterized by their probabilistic nature. Unlike deterministic effects, which occur after an exposure that exceeds a certain threshold, stochastic effects can happen at any dose, no matter how small, and thus have no minimum threshold dose. This means that there is always some level of risk associated with exposure to radiation, regardless of the amount received.

The concept behind stochastic effects is that the likelihood of developing an effect, such as cancer or genetic mutations, increases with the total radiation dose received over a person's lifetime. However, the occurrence of these effects is not predictable on an individual basis; it is based on statistical probabilities.

This intrinsic uncertainty is what distinguishes stochastic effects from deterministic ones, which are directly proportional to the dose received and have clear thresholds. The potential for stochastic effects, such as cancer, makes it crucial to understand radiation protection guidelines to minimize any exposure, irrespective of the dose level.