What biological effect is commonly observed from exposure to neutrons?

The correct answer highlights that neutrons exhibit high relative biological effectiveness (RBE) due to their high linear energy transfer (LET). Neutrons are unique in that they can cause significant biological damage because they have a high mass and can interact more effectively with biological tissue than low LET radiation, such as X-rays or gamma rays. When neutrons collide with atoms in biological cells, they can produce secondary charged particles that increase the likelihood of ionization and subsequent DNA damage.

The high RBE associated with neutrons means that even at relatively low doses, the potential for biological effects such as cell death, mutations, and lethality is significant. This trait is critical in radiation therapy and radiobiology, as it informs safety standards and treatment planning for neutron radiation exposure.

In contrast, other options do not accurately represent the biological effects of neutron exposure. For example, low LET effects imply minimal damage, which does not align with the high RBE of neutrons. Claiming no significant biological effects ignores the well-documented dangers of neutron radiation, and suggesting quick cellular recovery does not reflect the actual persistence of damage caused by high LET radiation. Therefore, understanding the impact of neutrons on biological systems is paramount in both safety and treatment contexts.