Carcinogenic effects are characterized by which process?

Carcinogenic effects are primarily characterized by the formation of cancer. This process involves the initiation, promotion, and progression of cellular changes that lead to the uncontrolled growth and division of cells, ultimately resulting in tumors and cancer. Carcinogens can induce various molecular and cellular changes that facilitate these processes. While mutations play a significant role in cancer development, the term "carcinogenic effects" specifically refers to the broader impact of substances or exposures that lead to the formation of cancer itself.

It's important to understand that while mutations and the formation of diseases can contribute to cancer, the defining characteristic of carcinogenic effects is their eventual manifestation as cancer.